Struct bumpalo::Bump

pub struct Bump { /* fields omitted */ }

An arena to bump allocate into.

No Drops

Objects that are bump-allocated will never have their Drop implementation called — unless you do it manually yourself. This makes it relatively easy to leak memory or other resources.

If you have a type which internally manages

• an allocation from the global heap (e.g. Vec<T>),
• open file descriptors (e.g. std::fs::File), or
• any other resource that must be cleaned up (e.g. an mmap)

and relies on its Drop implementation to clean up the internal resource, then if you allocate that type with a Bump, you need to find a new way to clean up after it yourself.

Potential solutions are

• calling drop_in_place or using std::mem::ManuallyDrop to manually drop these types,
• using bumpalo::collections::Vec instead of std::vec::Vec
• using bumpalo::boxed::Box::new_in instead of Bump::alloc, that will drop wrapped values similarly to std::boxed::Box.
• simply avoiding allocating these problematic types within a Bump.

Note that not calling Drop is memory safe! Destructors are never guaranteed to run in Rust, you can’t rely on them for enforcing memory safety.

Example

use bumpalo::Bump;

// Create a new bump arena.
let bump = Bump::new();

// Allocate values into the arena.
let forty_two = bump.alloc(42);
assert_eq!(*forty_two, 42);

// Mutable references are returned from allocation.
let mut s = bump.alloc("bumpalo");
*s = "the bump allocator; and also is a buffalo";

Implementations

impl Bump

pub fn new() -> Bump

Construct a new arena to bump allocate into.

Example

let bump = bumpalo::Bump::new();

pub fn try_new() -> Result<Bump, AllocErr>

Attempt to construct a new arena to bump allocate into.

Example

let bump = bumpalo::Bump::try_new();

pub fn with_capacity(capacity: usize) -> Bump

Construct a new arena with the specified byte capacity to bump allocate into.

Example

let bump = bumpalo::Bump::with_capacity(100);

pub fn try_with_capacity(capacity: usize) -> Result<Self, AllocErr>

Attempt to construct a new arena with the specified byte capacity to bump allocate into.

Example

let bump = bumpalo::Bump::try_with_capacity(100);

pub fn reset(&mut self)

Reset this bump allocator.

Performs mass deallocation on everything allocated in this arena by resetting the pointer into the underlying chunk of memory to the start of the chunk. Does not run any Drop implementations on deallocated objects; see the Bump type’s top-level documentation for details.

If this arena has allocated multiple chunks to bump allocate into, then the excess chunks are returned to the global allocator.

Example

let mut bump = bumpalo::Bump::new();

// Allocate a bunch of things.
{
    for i in 0..100 {
        bump.alloc(i);
    }
}

// Reset the arena.
bump.reset();

// Allocate some new things in the space previously occupied by the
// original things.
for j in 200..400 {
    bump.alloc(j);
}

pub fn alloc<T>(&self, val: T) -> &mut T

Allocate an object in this Bump and return an exclusive reference to it.

Panics

Panics if reserving space for T would cause an overflow.

Example

let bump = bumpalo::Bump::new();
let x = bump.alloc("hello");
assert_eq!(*x, "hello");

pub fn alloc_with<F, T>(&self, f: F) -> &mut T where
    F: FnOnce() -> T, 

Pre-allocate space for an object in this Bump, initializes it using the closure, then returns an exclusive reference to it.

Calling bump.alloc(x) is essentially equivalent to calling bump.alloc_with(|| x). However if you use alloc_with, then the closure will not be invoked until after allocating space for storing x on the heap.

This can be useful in certain edge-cases related to compiler optimizations. When evaluating bump.alloc(x), semantically x is first put on the stack and then moved onto the heap. In some cases, the compiler is able to optimize this into constructing x directly on the heap, however in many cases it does not.

The function alloc_with tries to help the compiler be smarter. In most cases doing bump.alloc_with(|| x) on release mode will be enough to help the compiler to realize this optimization is valid and construct x directly onto the heap.

Warning

This function critically depends on compiler optimizations to achieve its desired effect. This means that it is not an effective tool when compiling without optimizations on.

Even when optimizations are on, this function does not guarantee that the value is constructed on the heap. To the best of our knowledge no such guarantee can be made in stable Rust as of 1.33.

Panics

Panics if reserving space for T would cause an overflow.

Example

let bump = bumpalo::Bump::new();
let x = bump.alloc_with(|| "hello");
assert_eq!(*x, "hello");

pub fn alloc_slice_copy<T>(&self, src: &[T]) -> &mut [T] where
    T: Copy, 

Copy a slice into this Bump and return an exclusive reference to the copy.

Panics

Panics if reserving space for the slice would cause an overflow.

Example

let bump = bumpalo::Bump::new();
let x = bump.alloc_slice_copy(&[1, 2, 3]);
assert_eq!(x, &[1, 2, 3]);

pub fn alloc_slice_clone<T>(&self, src: &[T]) -> &mut [T] where
    T: Clone, 

Clone a slice into this Bump and return an exclusive reference to the clone. Prefer alloc_slice_copy if T is Copy.

Panics

Panics if reserving space for the slice would cause an overflow.

Example

#[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
struct Sheep {
    name: String,
}

let originals = vec![
    Sheep { name: "Alice".into() },
    Sheep { name: "Bob".into() },
    Sheep { name: "Cathy".into() },
];

let bump = bumpalo::Bump::new();
let clones = bump.alloc_slice_clone(&originals);
assert_eq!(originals, clones);

pub fn alloc_str(&self, src: &str) -> &mut str

Copy a string slice into this Bump and return an exclusive reference to it.

Panics

Panics if reserving space for the string would cause an overflow.

Example

let bump = bumpalo::Bump::new();
let hello = bump.alloc_str("hello world");
assert_eq!("hello world", hello);

pub fn alloc_slice_fill_with<T, F>(&self, len: usize, f: F) -> &mut [T] where
    F: FnMut(usize) -> T, 

Allocates a new slice of size len into this Bump and returns an exclusive reference to the copy.

The elements of the slice are initialized using the supplied closure. The closure argument is the position in the slice.

Panics

Panics if reserving space for the slice would cause an overflow.

Example

let bump = bumpalo::Bump::new();
let x = bump.alloc_slice_fill_with(5, |i| 5*(i+1));
assert_eq!(x, &[5, 10, 15, 20, 25]);

pub fn alloc_slice_fill_copy<T: Copy>(&self, len: usize, value: T) -> &mut [T]

Allocates a new slice of size len into this Bump and returns an exclusive reference to the copy.

All elements of the slice are initialized to value.

Panics

Panics if reserving space for the slice would cause an overflow.

Example

let bump = bumpalo::Bump::new();
let x = bump.alloc_slice_fill_copy(5, 42);
assert_eq!(x, &[42, 42, 42, 42, 42]);

pub fn alloc_slice_fill_clone<T: Clone>(
    &self,
    len: usize,
    value: &T
) -> &mut [T]

Allocates a new slice of size len slice into this Bump and return an exclusive reference to the copy.

All elements of the slice are initialized to value.clone().

Panics

Panics if reserving space for the slice would cause an overflow.

Example

let bump = bumpalo::Bump::new();
let s: String = "Hello Bump!".to_string();
let x: &[String] = bump.alloc_slice_fill_clone(2, &s);
assert_eq!(x.len(), 2);
assert_eq!(&x[0], &s);
assert_eq!(&x[1], &s);

pub fn alloc_slice_fill_iter<T, I>(&self, iter: I) -> &mut [T] where
    I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
    I::IntoIter: ExactSizeIterator, 

Allocates a new slice of size len slice into this Bump and return an exclusive reference to the copy.

The elements are initialized using the supplied iterator.

Panics

Panics if reserving space for the slice would cause an overflow, or if the supplied iterator returns fewer elements than it promised.

Example

let bump = bumpalo::Bump::new();
let x: &[i32] = bump.alloc_slice_fill_iter([2, 3, 5].iter().cloned().map(|i| i * i));
assert_eq!(x, [4, 9, 25]);

pub fn alloc_slice_fill_default<T: Default>(&self, len: usize) -> &mut [T]

Allocates a new slice of size len slice into this Bump and return an exclusive reference to the copy.

All elements of the slice are initialized to T::default().

Panics

Panics if reserving space for the slice would cause an overflow.

Example

let bump = bumpalo::Bump::new();
let x = bump.alloc_slice_fill_default::<u32>(5);
assert_eq!(x, &[0, 0, 0, 0, 0]);

pub fn alloc_layout(&self, layout: Layout) -> NonNull<u8>

Allocate space for an object with the given Layout.

The returned pointer points at uninitialized memory, and should be initialized with std::ptr::write.

pub fn try_alloc_layout(&self, layout: Layout) -> Result<NonNull<u8>, AllocErr>

Attempts to allocate space for an object with the given Layout or else returns an Err.

The returned pointer points at uninitialized memory, and should be initialized with std::ptr::write.

pub fn chunk_capacity(&self) -> usize

Gets the remaining capacity in the current chunk (in bytes).

Example

use bumpalo::Bump;

let bump = Bump::with_capacity(100);

let capacity = bump.chunk_capacity();
assert!(capacity >= 100);

pub fn iter_allocated_chunks(&mut self) -> ChunkIter<'_>

Returns an iterator over each chunk of allocated memory that this arena has bump allocated into.

The chunks are returned ordered by allocation time, with the most recently allocated chunk being returned first, and the least recently allocated chunk being returned last.

The values inside each chunk are also ordered by allocation time, with the most recent allocation being earlier in the slice, and the least recent allocation being towards the end of the slice.

Safety

Because this method takes &mut self, we know that the bump arena reference is unique and therefore there aren’t any active references to any of the objects we’ve allocated in it either. This potential aliasing of exclusive references is one common footgun for unsafe code that we don’t need to worry about here.

However, there could be regions of uninitialized memory used as padding between allocations, which is why this iterator has items of type [MaybeUninit<u8>], instead of simply [u8].

The only way to guarantee that there is no padding between allocations or within allocated objects is if all of these properties hold:

1. Every object allocated in this arena has the same alignment, and that alignment is at most 16.
2. Every object’s size is a multiple of its alignment.
3. None of the objects allocated in this arena contain any internal padding.

If you want to use this iter_allocated_chunks method, it is your responsibility to ensure that these properties hold before calling MaybeUninit::assume_init or otherwise reading the returned values.

Finally, you must also ensure that any values allocated into the bump arena have not had their Drop implementations called on them, e.g. after dropping a [bumpalo::boxed::Box<T>][crate::boxed::Box].

Example

let mut bump = bumpalo::Bump::new();

// Allocate a bunch of `i32`s in this bump arena, potentially causing
// additional memory chunks to be reserved.
for i in 0..10000 {
    bump.alloc(i);
}

// Iterate over each chunk we've bump allocated into. This is safe
// because we have only allocated `i32`s in this arena, which fulfills
// the above requirements.
for ch in bump.iter_allocated_chunks() {
    println!("Used a chunk that is {} bytes long", ch.len());
    println!("The first byte is {:?}", unsafe {
        ch.get(0).unwrap().assume_init()
    });
}

// Within a chunk, allocations are ordered from most recent to least
// recent. If we allocated 'a', then 'b', then 'c', when we iterate
// through the chunk's data, we get them in the order 'c', then 'b',
// then 'a'.

bump.reset();
bump.alloc(b'a');
bump.alloc(b'b');
bump.alloc(b'c');

assert_eq!(bump.iter_allocated_chunks().count(), 1);
let chunk = bump.iter_allocated_chunks().nth(0).unwrap();
assert_eq!(chunk.len(), 3);

// Safe because we've only allocated `u8`s in this arena, which
// fulfills the above requirements.
unsafe {
    assert_eq!(chunk[0].assume_init(), b'c');
    assert_eq!(chunk[1].assume_init(), b'b');
    assert_eq!(chunk[2].assume_init(), b'a');
}

pub fn allocated_bytes(&self) -> usize

Calculates the number of bytes currently allocated across all chunks.

If you allocate types of different alignments or types with larger-than-typical alignment in the same arena, some padding bytes might get allocated in the bump arena. Note that those padding bytes will add to this method’s resulting sum, so you cannot rely on it only counting the sum of the sizes of the things you’ve allocated in the arena.

Example

let bump = bumpalo::Bump::new();
let _x = bump.alloc_slice_fill_default::<u32>(5);
let bytes = bump.allocated_bytes();
assert!(bytes >= core::mem::size_of::<u32>() * 5);

Trait Implementations

impl Debug for Bump

fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result

Formats the value using the given formatter.

impl Default for Bump

fn default() -> Bump

Returns the “default value” for a type.

impl Drop for Bump

fn drop(&mut self)

Executes the destructor for this type.

impl Send for Bump